The brain regulates all the structures of the body, allowing you to maintain a stable functioning of physiological functions. As a result, intensive nutrition of the nervous tissue plays a huge role in the life of the body. The blood supply to the brain is carried out by two internal carotid and two vertebral arteries.

Arterial blood supply system

The physiology of the human body is not yet fully understood, but the biggest mystery for scientists is the brain, which is always active, even if a person is in a state of rest and sleep. The blood supply to the brain is provided by two systems:

  1. The vertebral arteries, which begin in the subclavian, pass into the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and, in the region of the first of them, leave this canal, entering the foramen magnum in the skull. Here, the PAs are located at the base of the medulla oblongata. At the border of the latter and the bridge of the brain, the arteries listed above merge into one trunk of the basilar artery. At the border of the bridge, it divides into a pair of posterior cerebral arteries.

If there are pathologies in the cervical region, squeezing of the artery is often observed, which sometimes leads to irreversible consequences.

  1. The internal carotid artery separates from the common carotid artery, which in turn separates from the aorta and subclavian artery. Due to this, normal conditions for blood flow are created in the system of the left artery.

When a thrombus detaches from the left region of the heart, it often passes into the left carotid artery than into the right one, since there is a direct communication with the aorta. The ICA enters the skull through the canal of the same name.

A diagram of the blood supply to the brain can be seen below.

The connection of both systems is due to the arterial circle of the cerebrum, which is otherwise referred to as the circle of Willis and is formed due to the following blood supply elements:

  • cerebral posterior (vertebral);
  • connecting back (internal carotid arteries);
  • cerebral middle (internal carotid arteries);
  • cerebral anterior (internal carotid arteries);
  • connecting anterior (internal carotid arteries).

The purpose of the arterial circle of the large brain is to support proper blood flow to the brain, which is necessary if there is a violation in one of the arteries.

The system for transporting substances from the capillary to the nervous tissue is called the "blood-brain barrier", which prevents pathogenic factors (toxins, microbes, etc.) from entering the brain.

In the normal state of the barrier, substances such as:

  • iodine compounds;
  • immune bodies;
  • salt;
  • antibiotics.

Thus, medicines containing the substances listed above in their composition cannot affect the nervous system.

At the same time, they are able to overcome the blood-brain barrier:

  • morphine;
  • alcohol;
  • tetanus toxin;
  • chloroform.

In order for drugs used to treat infectious diseases of the brain to be able to easily overcome this barrier, they must be injected into the fluid that surrounds the brain. This process is carried out due to a puncture in the lumbar region of the spinal column or in the area under the back of the head.

The outflow of blood is carried out through the veins, which flow into the sinuses of the dura mater. They are slit-like canals in the medulla connective tissue. Their peculiarity lies in the fact that their clearance is always open in any conditions. This ensures a stable outflow of blood and does not allow it to stagnate. Through the sinuses, venous blood enters the jugular foramen, located in the cranial base, from where the jugular vein begins. Through it, blood flows into the superior vena cava.

The functionality of the arteries that make up the circle of Willis

The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the following areas:

  • upper section of the postcentral and precentral gyri;
  • cerebral cortex;
  • olfactory tract;
  • basal and internal frontal lobe;
  • white matter of the parietal and frontal lobes;
  • head and outer part of the caudate nucleus;
  • part of the corpus callosum;
  • section of the leg of the internal capsule;
  • part of the lenticular nucleus.

The middle cerebral artery is responsible for the blood supply to the following areas:

  • cerebral cortex;
  • part of the lenticular and caudate nuclei;
  • white matter of the surface of the cerebral hemispheres;
  • in the temporal lobe of the center of Wernicke;
  • visual radiance;
  • parietal lobe;
  • part of the frontal convolutions and lobes.

The posterior cerebral artery supplies the following areas:

  • cerebral cortex;
  • white matter;
  • hypothalamus;
  • leg of the brain;
  • part of the thalamus;
  • caudate nucleus;
  • corpus callosum;
  • bunch of Graziola;
  • quadrigemina.

The vertebral arteries feed the following cerebral zones:

  • sections of the cerebellum;
  • medulla;
  • spinal cord.

The posterior inferior cerebellar artery provides blood supply to the following departments:

  • posterior inferior cerebellum;
  • part of the medulla oblongata.

An interesting fact is that there is no portal system in the blood supply to the brain. That is, the branches of the circle of Willis do not penetrate the medulla, as is usually the case in the vital organs of the body. They spread along the cerebral surface, branching into thin branches at right angles. This fact determines the uniform distribution of blood supply. Therefore, there are no large vessels in the brain, but only capillaries and small arteries.

Nevertheless, there are large arteries in the head, which are located on the cerebral surface in the arachnoid membrane. Their location is fixed, since the vessels are not only suspended on trabeculae, but also maintained at a specific distance relative to the brain.

Peculiarities

An interesting fact is that hemodynamics and changes in it do not affect blood circulation, since it contains self-regulation mechanisms.

The blood circulation of the gray matter has a greater intensity in comparison with the white. The most saturated blood flow is manifested in babies, whose age has not yet reached the year. A newborn baby has a greater blood supply than an adult. As for the elderly, in this category of people it is reduced by twenty percent, and sometimes even more.

Control over this process occurs in the nervous tissue, and it is due to metabolism. Centers for the regulation of nervous activity operate throughout life, without stopping their functioning even during sleep.

The intracerebral structure of capillaries has some features, namely:

  1. A thin elastic membrane surrounds the capillaries, as a result of which they cannot be stretched.
  2. Capillaries do not have Roger cells that can contract.
  3. Transudation and absorption is carried out at the expense of precapillaries and postcapillaries.

Different blood flow and pressure in the vessels cause extravasation of fluid in the precapillary and absorption in the postcapillary.

This whole complex process makes it possible to have a balance between absorption and transudation without the participation of the system that the lymph forms.

Pregnancy has a special effect on the blood supply of the whole organism and the brain in particular, during which most drugs are contraindicated, otherwise the fetus may have pathologies.

Violation of the blood supply

A person can independently check the blood supply in the brain - normally, the skin of the scalp should move freely in all directions.

Temporary disturbances in blood flow can occur under the influence of various factors. For example, with osteochondrosis, the cervical vertebra presses down on the vessels, and this is the cause of migraines. An increase in blood pressure, tension and excitement can also slow down blood flow. In such a situation, the symptoms are often replenished with loss of consciousness, vomiting and sensation. Most often, it is the asymmetry of blood flow through the arteries of the spine that provokes a violation of blood supply.

If the blood supply is insufficient, then there is a low percentage of nutrients and oxygen in neurons, which leads to brain damage and the development of pathological processes. An electroencephalographic study can reveal such conditions occurring in the brain.

Focal signs of pathological disorders imply the development of the following conditions:

  • hemorrhagic stroke;
  • cerebral infarction;
  • hemorrhages in the hypothecal area.

Such conditions appear in the form of the following clinical picture:

  • epilepsy;
  • decreased sensitivity;
  • intellectual impairment;
  • problems with coordination of movements.

When the blood supply to the brain is disturbed, a person feels such conditions subjectively, but they are also accompanied by objective neurological symptoms, which include:

  • headache;
  • paresthesia;
  • dizziness;
  • problems with the functioning of the organs responsible for sensitivity.

Circulatory disorders are divided into three stages:

  1. Initial.
  2. Acute.
  3. Chronic.

Acute violation of blood circulation manifests itself in the form of strokes, hemorrhages and other disorders. Encephalopathy and dyscirculatory myelopathy can be attributed to a chronic condition.

The clinical picture of circulatory disorders in the brain is as follows:

  • headache;
  • dizziness;
  • red face;
  • pain in the eye area;
  • a common symptom is tinnitus;
  • nausea;
  • convulsions;
  • turning the head in the direction of the lesion worsens the condition;
  • confusion.

An interesting fact is that the pain syndrome tends to increase.

Often these conditions are supplemented by the following symptoms: chills, fever and high blood pressure.

Causes

The following pathologies can affect poor blood circulation in the brain:

  1. Atherosclerosis, which occurs more often in older people and in those who suffer from impaired functionality of the cardiovascular system. During this process, sclerotic plaques collect in the arteries, which significantly impede blood circulation.
  2. Curvature of the spine, as well as a pinched muscle as a result, can also disrupt blood circulation.
  3. Hypertension.
  4. Stressful situations can also reduce blood flow.
  5. Liquor also has a significant effect on the blood supply.
  6. Surgery or trauma to the skull.
  7. Injured spine.
  8. Improper venous outflow of blood from brain tissues.

Regardless of the reasons that led to the difficulty of microcirculation, the consequences are reflected not only in the brain, but also in the work of internal organs.

Elimination of disorders of blood circulation in the brain

Circulation can improve during deep breathing, due to which much more oxygen enters the tissues. To achieve a significant effect, you should use simple physical exercises, after consulting with your doctor.

A stable blood supply to the brain and spinal cord can only be achieved through healthy blood vessels.

Thus, in order to achieve what you want, you need to do and nourish the brain. For this purpose, those products that contribute to the removal of cholesterol should be used.

More often, in order to normalize the condition, it is necessary to take appropriate medications, but they are prescribed exclusively by a doctor. It should be borne in mind that there is no such drug that could cope with the problem alone. Treatment includes a complex of drugs of various directions:

  1. Vasodilators, which act on smooth muscles, relaxing it, due to which the lumen of the vessels expands, which can increase blood flow (Nimodipine or Cinnarizine).
  2. Nootropics that have their effect due to the ability to improve metabolism. They stimulate blood flow and create resistance to existing hypoxia.
  3. Antithrombotic, which are necessary in case of detection of plaques or atherosclerosis. They are able to seal the thin walls of blood vessels and at the same time eliminate plaques.

According to neurology, sometimes the use of sedatives is required.

Based on the results of the diagnosis, fibrinolytics, anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents may be prescribed.

It is also possible to improve the blood supply to the head due to Ayurvedic remedies, dietary supplements and homeopathic preparations. At the initial stage, folk remedies, which are tinctures and decoctions of medicinal herbs, as well as massage, also help.

The famous homeopath Valery Sinelnikov writes in his writings that a headache is a sign that a person is doing something wrong in his life, and in order to get rid of such unpleasant symptoms, one should reconsider one's outlook on life, stop being hypocritical and start treating others. many situations are easier.

As you know, for the normal functioning of the central nervous system, in particular the brain, the level of oxygen and the amount of glucose are extremely important. These substances are delivered to the nerve tissues along with the blood. And the transport system in this case is the arteries of the brain. Today, many people are interested in additional information about the blood supply system of the brain. What vessels carry blood to the CNS? How is the outflow of blood carried out? What are the symptoms of impaired blood flow? What diagnostic measures are the most effective? What is the difference between CT and MRI of the brain? How to eliminate problems with blood circulation and can you do it yourself? The answers to these questions will be interesting.

general information

For normal functioning, the human brain needs a sufficient amount of resources. In particular, the central nervous system is extremely sensitive to the level of oxygen and sugar in the blood. About 15% of all circulating blood passes through the vessels of the brain. On average, the total brain blood flow is 50 ml of blood for every 100 g of brain tissue per minute.

There are four main cerebral arteries that fully meet the needs of this organ: two vertebral and two internal carotid. Of course, it is worth considering the anatomical features of the body. What areas of blood supply to the brain exist? What happens when blood flow is interrupted?

Internal carotid arteries

These vessels are branches (total). As you know, the common carotid arteries (right and left) are located in the lateral parts of the neck. If you put your fingers to the skin, then through the tissues you can easily feel the characteristic pulsation of the vascular walls. Approximately at the level of the larynx, the common carotid artery branches into external and internal. The internal one penetrates through the hole in the skull, supplies blood to the tissues of the brain and eyeballs. The external carotid artery is responsible for the blood supply to the skin of the head and neck.

Vertebral arteries

Considering the arteries of the brain, it is impossible not to mention the vertebral arteries. They branch off from the subclavian arteries, after which they pass through the openings of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae, and then penetrate into the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum. It is worth noting that after entering the cranial cavity, the vessels are connected to each other, forming a very specific arterial circle.

The connecting arteries of the circle of Willis are a kind of "security system". If the blood flow in one of the vessels is disturbed, then due to the presence of the arterial circle, the load is redirected to other, healthy arteries. This helps to maintain blood circulation in the brain at the right level, even if one of the vessels is out of order.

cerebral arteries

The cerebral arteries branch off from the internal carotid artery. The anterior and middle vessels provide nutrition to the deep brain regions, as well as to the surfaces of the brain (internal and external). There are also posterior vertebral arteries, which are formed by branching from these vessels, which carry blood to the cerebellum and brain stem. The large cerebral arteries diverge, forming a mass of small vessels that sink into the nervous tissues, providing them with food. According to statistics, cerebral hemorrhages in most cases are associated with a violation of the integrity of the vessels described above.

What is the blood-brain barrier?

In modern medical practice, such a term as the blood-brain barrier is often used. This is a kind of substance transport and filtration system that prevents certain compounds from entering the capillaries directly into the nerve tissues. For example, substances such as salt, iodine, and antibiotics do not normally penetrate the brain tissue. That is why during the treatment of brain infections, antibacterial agents are injected directly into the cerebrospinal fluid - so the antibiotic can penetrate into the brain tissue.

On the other hand, alcohol, chloroform, morphine and some other substances easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier, which explains their intense and almost instantaneous effect on brain tissue.

Carotid pool: features of anatomy

This term refers to the complex of the main carotid arteries, which originate in the chest cavity (including branches from the aorta). The carotid pool provides blood to most of the brain, skin and other structures of the head, as well as the visual organs. Violation of the functioning of the structures of this pool is dangerous not only for the nervous system, but also for the whole organism. The most common cause of circulatory problems is atherosclerosis. This disease is associated with the formation of a kind of plaques on the inner walls of blood vessels. Against the background of atherosclerosis, the lumen of the vessel narrows, the pressure in it rises. The development of the disease is associated with a number of dangerous consequences, including embolism, ischemia and thrombosis. These pathologies in the absence of timely treatment can end in the death of the patient.

Vertebrobasilar system

In modern medical practice, such a term as the vertebrobasilar system, or the Zakharchenko circle, is often used. This is a complex of vertebral vessels. The structure also includes the basilar artery. The vertebral vessels, as already mentioned, originate in the chest cavity, and then pass through the canals of the cervical vertebrae and reach the cranial cavity. The basilar artery is an unpaired vessel that is formed by joining the vertebral arteries to provide nourishment to the posterior regions of the brain, including the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and part of the spinal cord.

The lesions of the above vessels (from mechanical trauma to atherosclerosis) often end in thrombosis. Violation of the blood supply to those brain structures that form this organ can lead to the appearance of various neurological symptoms and stroke.

Veins and outflow of blood

Many people are interested in the question of how the arteries and veins of the brain work. We have already looked at the pathways by which blood enters the brain. As for the outflow system, it is carried out through the veins. The superior and inferior superficial veins collect blood from the subcortical white matter and the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres. Through the cerebral veins, blood is collected from the cerebral ventricles, the internal capsule, and the subcortical nuclei. All of the above vessels subsequently flow into the venous. From the sinuses, blood flows through the vertebral and jugular veins. The sinuses communicate with the external vessels through the diploic and emissary veins. By the way, these vessels have some features. For example, the veins that collect blood from brain structures lack valves. There is also a large number of vascular anastomoses.

Blood flow in the structures of the spinal cord

The spinal cord receives blood from the anterior, two posterior and radicular-spinal arteries. The posterior spinal vessels give rise to the vertebral (spinal) artery - they are directed along the dorsal surface of the spinal cord. The anterior spinal artery is also a branch of the vertebral vessels - it lies on the anterior spinal surface.

The above vessels feed only the first two or three cervical segments. The circulation of the rest of the spinal cord is carried out due to the work of the radicular-spinal arteries. In turn, these vessels, which descend and run along the entire spine, receive blood by communicating with the ascending neck, intercostal and lumbar arteries. It should also be said that the spinal cord has a highly developed system of veins. Small vessels take blood directly from the tissues of the spinal cord, after which they flow into the main venous channels that run along the entire spine. From above, they connect with the veins of the base of the skull.

Cerebral circulation disorders

Considering the arteries of the brain, one cannot fail to mention the pathologies that are associated with circulatory disorders. As already mentioned, the human brain is extremely sensitive to oxygen and blood sugar levels, so the deficiency of these two components negatively affects the functioning of the whole organism. Prolonged hypoxia (oxygen starvation) leads to the death of neurons. The result of a sharp decrease in glucose levels is loss of consciousness, coma, and sometimes death.

That is why the circulatory apparatus of the brain is equipped with a kind of protective mechanisms. For example, it is rich in anastomoses. If the outflow of blood in one vessel is disturbed, then it moves in a different way. The same applies to the circle of Willis: if the current in one artery is disturbed, its functions are taken over by other vessels. It has been proven that even if the two components of the arterial circuit do not work, the brain still receives enough oxygen and nutrients.

But even such a well-coordinated mechanism sometimes fails. Pathologies of the cerebral vessels are dangerous, so it is important to diagnose them in time. Frequent headaches, recurrent dizziness, chronic fatigue are the first symptoms of cerebrovascular accident. If left untreated, the disease can progress. In such cases, a chronic violation of cerebral circulation, dyscirculatory encephalopathy develops. Over time, this ailment does not disappear - the situation only gets worse. The lack of oxygen and nutrients leads to the slow death of neurons.

This, of course, affects the work of the whole organism. Many patients complain not only of migraines and fatigue, but also of tinnitus, recurrent eye pain (for no apparent reason). There may be mental disorders and memory impairment. Sometimes there is nausea, tingling on the skin, numbness of the extremities. If we talk about acute cerebrovascular accident, then it usually ends with a stroke. This condition rarely develops - the heartbeat quickens, consciousness is confused. There are problems with coordination, speech problems, divergent strabismus, paresis and paralysis develop (usually unilateral).

As for the causes, in most cases, impaired blood flow is associated with atherosclerosis or chronic arterial hypertension. Risk factors include diseases of the spine, in particular osteochondrosis. Deformation of the intervertebral discs often leads to displacement and compression of the vertebral artery, which feeds the brain. If you notice any of the above symptoms, contact your doctor immediately. If we are talking about acute circulatory failure, then the patient needs immediate medical attention. Even a few minutes of delay can harm the brain and lead to a host of complications.

CT and MRI of the brain

The price in Moscow (as in any other city) for such procedures is quite high. Therefore, many people are interested in additional information about such diagnostic measures. These procedures are considered the most informative. So what is the difference between CT and MRI of the brain? In fact, the purpose of such procedures is the same - scanning the human body with the further construction of an image of the body "in section".

However, the scheme of operation of the devices themselves is different. The operation of ART equipment is based on the behavior of a hydrogen atom in a powerful magnetic field. But with computed tomography, information about tissues and organs is received by special detectors that capture radio emission that has passed through the human body thanks to X-ray tubes. Both devices transmit all data to a computer, which analyzes the information, forming images.

How much does a brain MRI cost? Prices in Moscow fluctuate depending on the policy of the chosen clinic. The study of cerebral vessels will cost about 3500-4000 rubles. The cost of CT is slightly lower - from 2500 rubles.

By the way, these are not the only diagnostic measures that help diagnose certain blood flow disorders. For example, angiography of the arteries of the brain provides a lot of useful information. The procedure is carried out by introducing a special contrast agent into the vessels, the movement of which is then monitored using X-ray equipment.

What drugs are prescribed to improve blood circulation in the brain? Medications and proper diet

Unfortunately, many people are faced with such a problem as a violation of blood flow in the vessels of the brain. What to do in such cases? What drugs are prescribed to improve blood circulation in the brain? The preparations, of course, are selected by the attending physician, and it is not recommended to experiment with such drugs on your own.

As a rule, the therapy regimen includes drugs that prevent platelet aggregation and blood clotting. Vasodilating drugs have a positive effect on the state of nerve tissues. Nootropics also help improve blood circulation and, accordingly, tissue trophism. If indicated, the doctor may prescribe psychostimulants.

People at risk are advised to reconsider their lifestyle and, first of all, nutrition. Experts advise to include in the menu vegetable oils (linseed, pumpkin, olive), fish, seafood, berries (cranberries, lingonberries), nuts, sunflower and flax seeds, dark chocolate. It has been proven that regular consumption of tea has a positive effect on the circulatory system.

It is important to avoid hypodynamia. Feasible and regular physical activity increases blood flow to tissues, including nervous ones. Sauna and bath have a positive effect on the circulatory system (in the absence of contraindications). Of course, if you have any disorders and alarming symptoms, you should consult a doctor and undergo a medical examination.

The arteries of the brain are an integral part of such a complex and important process for it - blood supply. Violations of the blood flow of the brain can lead to serious problems of the human body, and in some cases to death.

Blood supply to the brain

The anatomy of the brain is arranged in such a way that the blood supply in it is provided by four arteries at once:

  • Right internal carotid artery;
  • Left internal carotid artery;
  • Right vertebral artery;
  • Left vertebral artery.

The medullary bridge is fed by the internal carotid arteries, and the upper cervical spinal cord and medulla oblongata are fed by the vertebral arteries. The cerebellum is supplied with blood both from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries.

From the main nutrient arteries, the blood flow diverges throughout the brain, forming a whole system called the circle of Willis.

In addition to arterial formations, the anatomy of the blood supply system implies the presence of venous vessels that transport already used blood. To connect these two types of "highways", you need a kind of adapters. In the role of such adapters are special intervascular connections - anastomoses.

Any pathologies or disorders, both in the work of the arterial and venous systems, and in the functions of anastomoses, can lead to complex and sometimes irreversible processes in the human brain.

Diseases

In this article, we will consider several diseases of the arterial system of the human brain, their symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment:

  • Disease No. 1 - arteriovenous malformation of cerebral vessels;
  • Disease No. 2 - atherosclerosis of the arteries of the brain;
  • Disease No. 3 - stenosis of cerebral vessels;
  • Disease number 4 - aneurysm of the arteries of the brain.

And now let's take a closer look at each of the problems that arise in the circulatory system of the brain.

Disease #1

AVM or arteriovenous malformation of the brain is a congenital or acquired disease characterized by a violation of the connection system of veins and arteries in the brain. If normally venous and arterial blood flow should pass into each other smoothly, through anastomoses, then with AVM such a smooth transition is not observed - blood from the artery directly enters the vein.

It is not for nothing that the anatomy of the cerebral blood supply system implies the presence of special intervascular connections that ensure normal blood flow from arteries to veins. Thanks to them, the blood flow is carried out under a certain pressure. In cases where anastomoses are absent, blood enters the veins under strong pressure.

This state of affairs leads to thinning of the walls, both arteries and veins located at the junction of the vessels. As a result, the vessels can burst, which leads to hemorrhages.

The causes of arteriovenous malformation of the brain can be:

  • Intrauterine changes in the structure of the blood flow of the brain;
  • Birth or postpartum brain injury;
  • Abnormal processes of destruction of cerebral vessels, as a result of sclerotic processes.

Many scientists have drawn parallels between AVMs and heredity, as well as gender. Most often, this phenomenon is observed in males, as well as in those people in whose family such a disease has already taken place.

Often, arteriovenous malformation manifests itself between the ages of 10 and 30 years.

Its main symptoms are:

  • epileptic seizures;
  • Frequent headaches;
  • Violations in the coordination of movement;
  • Weakness, constant fatigue;
  • Lack of sensation in some parts of the body;
  • vision problems;
  • Change in speech.

The danger of AVM is that it can lead to cerebral hemorrhage, insufficient oxygen supply to its tissues and stroke.

The main method for diagnosing arteriovenous malformation is angiography. This type of study includes computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the introduction of radiopaque substances into the vessels.

AVM can be treated in several ways:

  1. The operation is carried out only in the case when the core of the malformation is shallow and its size is small.
  2. Embolization is the blockage of one or more vessels at risk. Thus, the blood flow is directed in more reliable ways.
  3. Radiosurgery involves the direction of a large amount of radio emission to the location of the malformation for its complete destruction. Such therapy is considered the longest, since it is simply impossible to cope with such a problem at a time, therefore the treatment can drag on for years.

Disease #2

Atherosclerosis of the arteries of the brain is a disease characterized by the formation of cholesterol plaques in the vessels of the brain. The anatomy of blood vessels allows such formations to provoke vasoconstriction (stenosis), and as a result - their complete blockage.

Atherosclerosis very often causes other diseases and conditions of the arterial system of the brain:

  • Stenosis of the arteries of the brain;
  • Malpharmacy of cerebral vessels;
  • Thrombosis.

Most often, people over the age of 50 were affected by atherosclerosis. However, this pattern has been seen before. Today, due to the presence of a large amount of harmful cholesterol in food, atherosclerosis is getting younger. In young people, plaques in the vessels can form as early as 20 years old.

Also an important role in this problem is played by the fashion for computers and tablets, which immobilize a person for a long time. Therefore, those young people who lead a sedentary lifestyle are also at risk.

Other causes of atherosclerosis of the arteries of the brain can be called:

  1. Metabolic disorders;
  2. Diabetes;
  3. Bad habits (alcoholism, smoking);
  4. Overweight;
  5. Arterial hypertension;
  6. Having a lot of stress.

The symptomatology of the disease directly depends on its degree. In the initial stages, a person may not feel discomfort at all, but as atherosclerosis progresses, he may begin to be disturbed by:

  • Weakness;
  • Constant fatigue;
  • dizziness;
  • Panic attacks;
  • Headaches;
  • Insomnia;
  • causeless anxiety;
  • memory impairment;
  • Stress and depression.

The following methods can be used to diagnose atherosclerosis:

  • Blood test for cholesterol;
  • Vascular ultrasound;
  • Angiography.

Angiography is often prescribed only in rare cases, when there is a suspicion of the presence of complications of the disease.

It is customary to treat the initial stages of atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels by correcting the diet and lifestyle of the patient. It is necessary to exclude junk food from his diet and saturate him only with healthy foods rich in vitamins C, B, etc. It is also desirable for the patient to spend more time in the fresh air, engage in moderately active sports.

When the disease is in a more severe stage, doctors may prescribe medication. Drugs that contribute to the fight against the disease include vasodilators, antioxidants, fibrates, statins, iodine and nicotinic acid preparations. These medications can be taken for many years.

Disease #3

Cerebral artery stenosis is a narrowing of the arteries, which can result in blockage. The narrowing of the arteries occurs due to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques on their walls. The anatomy of human vessels is such that a large vessel can become clogged due to the growth of plaques, and a small one - due to separation of its piece from the plaque and blocking the blood flow.

The consequences of this condition can be myocardial infarction, stroke, thrombosis.

Stenosis has the same symptoms and causes of occurrence as atherosclerosis.

Angiography is most often used to diagnose cerebral stenosis.

Treatment of this disease in the early stages can be corrected with only one drug. More neglected forms often have to be operated on.

During the operation, one of the existing tactics is selected:

  1. Excision of a thrombus or cholesterol plaques;
  2. Stenting of the vessel - sealing of its walls;
  3. Shunting is the creation of a healthy vessel that forms a new direction of blood flow.

Disease #4

An aneurysm of a cerebral artery is a change in the shape of a vessel. In other words, a cerebral artery may expand or bulge. In any case, the walls of the vessel are stretched, which leads to their thinning. The consequence of this condition can be a rupture of the aneurysm and hemorrhage.

The causes of aneurysm are considered to be a variety of factors:

  • Congenital vascular pathology;
  • Heredity;
  • head trauma;
  • Other diseases of the arterial system of the brain (malformation, atherosclerosis);
  • Sedentary lifestyle;
  • Overweight;
  • Bad habits;
  • Improper nutrition;
  • Feelings and stress.

Symptoms of an aneurysm may be absent for a long time.

In more advanced cases, the patient has the following symptoms of this disease:

  • Pain in the head;
  • vision and hearing problems;
  • Impotence;
  • Nausea;
  • Paresis of a part of the face;
  • Dizziness.

As is the case with all other diseases of the arteries of the brain, angiography is the most accurate method for diagnosing an aneurysm.

Surgical treatment of this ailment can be carried out by using one of the following methods:

  1. Compilation - installation of a special clip on the aneurysm, which blocks the access of blood to it;
  2. Strengthening the walls of the vessel - winding the aneurysm with a special tissue, from which a protective capsule for the vessel is formed;
  3. Endovascular intervention - blocking the diseased vessel with special drugs and turning it off from the general circulatory system.

Diagnostic methods

Separately, I would like to dwell on the most effective and accurate method for examining diseased cerebral vessels - angiography.

There are three types of diagnostics of this kind:

  • X-ray examination;
  • CT scan;
  • Magnetic resonance imaging.

X-ray diagnostics can be carried out in two ways - by introducing radiopaque substances into the vessel by injection or through a catheter. While the injected substance is moving through the vessel, the doctor makes several X-ray flashes, which will allow you to see the illuminated vessels on the apparatus. This diagnostic method is most often used for smaller vessels. Its disadvantage is the risk of exposure.

Computed tomography also works on the basis of x-rays. However, their irradiation is several times less than with standard radiography. In addition, as a result of such a study, you can get a complete picture of the state of all human organs.

MR angiography is a more accurate and safer method for examining cerebral vessels. It allows you to assess the physiological, anatomical state of the arteries, as well as explore the chemical and biological processes inside the brain.

Summing up, I would like to say that in order to avoid most of the diseases described in the article, you only need to eat right, give up bad habits and lead a healthy lifestyle.


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Blood supply to the brain carried out by two internal carotid arteries and two vertebral arteries. The outflow of blood occurs through two jugular veins.

At rest, the brain consumes about 15% of the blood volume, and at the same time consumes 20-25% of the breath received.

Arteries of the brain

Carotid arteries

The carotid arteries form the carotid pool. They originate in the chest cavity: right from the brachiocephalic trunk (lat. truncus brachiocephalicus), left - from the aortic arch (lat. arcus aortae). The carotid arteries provide about 70-85% of the blood flow to the brain.

Vertebrobasilar system

The vertebral arteries form the vertebrobasilar basin. They supply blood to the posterior parts of the brain (, cervical, and). The vertebral arteries originate in the thoracic cavity and pass to the brain in a bony canal formed by the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae. According to various sources, the vertebral arteries provide about 15-30% of blood flow to the brain.

As a result of fusion, the vertebral arteries form the main artery (basilar artery, a. basilaris) - an unpaired vessel, which is located in the basilar groove of the bridge.

circle of willis

Near the base of the skull, the main arteries form the circle of Willis, from which the arteries depart, which supply blood to the brain tissue. The following arteries are involved in the formation of the circle of Willis:

  • anterior cerebral artery
  • anterior communicating artery
  • posterior communicating artery
  • posterior cerebral artery

Venous outflow

Sinuses of the dura mater

The venous sinuses of the brain are venous collectors located between the sheets of the dura mater. They receive blood from the internal and external veins of the brain.

jugular veins

jugular veins (lat. Venae jugulares) - paired, located on the neck and divert blood from the neck and head.

Additional images

Delivery of oxygen to the brain with blood is one of the most important processes in the body. Thanks to him, nerve cells receive the necessary energy for their functioning. Not surprisingly, this system is quite complex and branched. So, let's consider the blood supply to the brain, the scheme of which will be discussed in the article below.

Structure (briefly)

If we consider the blood supply to the brain briefly, then it is carried out with the participation of the carotid arteries, as well as vertebrates. The former provide about 65% of all blood, and the latter provide the remaining 35%. But in general, the blood supply scheme is much wider. It also includes the following structures:

  • vertebrobasilar system;
  • special circle of Willis;
  • carotid pool.

In just a minute, about 50 ml of blood per 100 g of brain tissue enters the brain. At the same time, it is important that the volumes and speed of blood flow are constant.

Blood supply to the brain: a diagram of the main vessels

So, as already mentioned, 4 arteries supply blood to the brain. Then it is distributed to other vessels. Let's dwell on them in more detail.

Internal carotid arteries

These are branches of the large carotid arteries that are located on the side of the neck. They can be easily felt, as they pulsate quite well. In the region of the larynx, the carotid arteries diverge into an external and internal branch. The latter passes through the cranial cavity and carries oxygen to different areas of the blood supply to the brain. As for the external arteries, they are needed to supply oxygen to the skin and muscles of the face, as well as the neck.

Vertebral arteries

They start from the subclavian arteries and pass through various parts of the cervical vertebrae, then entering the cranial cavity through an opening in the back of the head.

These vessels are distinguished by high pressure and significant blood flow velocity. Therefore, they have characteristic curves at the junction with the skull, in order to reduce both pressure and speed. Further, all these arteries are connected in the cranial cavity and form the Willis arterial circle. It is necessary in order to compensate for the violation in any part of the blood flow and prevent oxygen starvation of the brain.

cerebral arteries

In the internal carotid artery, branches are distinguished as follows - the middle and anterior branches. They go further into the cerebral hemispheres and nourish their outer and inner surfaces, including deep areas of the brain.

The vertebral arteries, in turn, form other branches - the posterior cerebral arteries. They are responsible for the nutrition of the occipital regions of the brain, the cerebellum, as well as the trunk.

In the future, all these arteries branch into many thin arteries, digging into the brain tissue. They may vary in diameter and length. There are such arteries:

  • short (used to feed the bark;
  • long (for white matter).

There are other departments in the blood flow system of the brain. Thus, the BBB, the mechanism for controlling transport between capillaries and cells of the nervous tissue, plays an important role. The blood-brain barrier prevents foreign substances, toxins, bacteria, iodine, salt, etc. from entering the brain.

Venous outflow

The removal of carbon dioxide from the brain is carried out through the system of cerebral and superficial veins, which then flow into venous formations - sinuses. The superficial cerebral veins (inferior and superior) transport blood from the cortical part of the cerebral hemispheres, as well as from the subcortical white matter.

Veins that are deep in the brain collect blood from the ventricles of the brain and subcortical nuclei, capsules. In the future, they are combined into a common cerebral vein.


Collected in the sinuses, the blood drains into the vertebral and internal jugular veins. In addition, diploic and emissary cranial veins participate in the blood outflow system.

It should be noted that the cerebral veins do not have valves, but there are many anastomoses. The venous system of the brain is different in that it allows for an ideal outflow of blood in a closed space of the skull.

There are only 21 venous sinuses (5 unpaired and 8 pairs). The walls of these vascular formations are formed from the processes of solid MO. If you cut the sinuses, they form a characteristic triangular lumen.

So, the circulatory system of the brain is a complex structure with many different elements that have no analogues in other human organs. All these elements are needed in order to quickly and in the right amount deliver oxygen to the brain and remove processed products from it.