The meaning of the word hydrography. Hydrography What is Hydrography

- (Greek, from hydor water, and write graphein). Part of physical geography, which has the subject of describing waters, the earth's surface, as well as surveying coasts and islands, studying the topography of the bottom of water basins, drawing up maps, etc. Dictionary of foreign ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

hydrography- and, well. hydrographie f., German. Hydrographic. 1. In hydrology, the area of study and description of the waters of the earth's surface. BAS 2. Ancient Russian hydrography. 1733. Vitovt 333. Hydrography is the description of waters. Tat. East 1499. Hydrography containing theories and ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

- (Hydrography) translated from Greek as a description of the waters of the earth's surface, usually this word means a set of questions on the study of oceans, seas, lakes and rivers, especially for the purposes of navigation. In our country, the word G. is understood ... ... Marine Dictionary

- (from hydro ... and ... graphics), 1) the science of shipping lanes, the forms of the bottom of the oceans, seas, lakes, reservoirs, rivers, canals, developing ways to improve shipping lanes. 2) The section of land hydrology, dedicated to the description of the physical geographical ... ... Modern Encyclopedia

- (from hydro ... and ... graphy) 1) a section of land hydrology dedicated to the description of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and their individual parts with a qualitative and quantitative description of their position, physical and geographical conditions, regime and use. 2) Science, … … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

HYDROGRAPHY, a science devoted to the description of the water bodies of the Earth. Navigational charts were created starting from the 13th century, but they accurately depicted only the coastline. Depicting areas of the ocean, remote from the coast, began only in the 19th century. Now… … Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

HYDROGRAPHY, hydrography, pl. no, female (from Greek hydor water and grapho I write). Department of hydrology, dealing with the description of water spaces and their mapping. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

HYDROGRAPHY, and, for women. The branch of hydrology that studies the waters of the earth's surface. | adj. hydrographic, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Exist., number of synonyms: 2 water description (2) geohydrography (1) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

HYDROGRAPHY- (from hydro ... and ... graphics), a section of hydrology that describes the waters of the earth's surface, seas, lakes, rivers, etc. by studying and mapping their forms and physical features, depths, seabed, shallows, tides, currents, etc. ... ... Ecological dictionary

Books

Hydrography, G.S. Maksimov. The book belonged to the hydrometeorological station in the bay. Nagaev since 1935 (even before the formation of the city of Magadan). It will be interesting from a historical point of view, for comparison with the modern ...
Hydrography, G.S. Maksimov. The book belonged to the hydrometeorological station in the bay. Nagaev since 1935 (even before the formation of the city of Magadan). It will be interesting from a historical point of view, for comparison with modern ...

The objects of hydrography include the coastline of the seas, lakes and other bodies of water, rivers, streams, canals, ditches, wells, springs, as well as various hydraulic structures (dams, locks, embankments, piers, piers, anchorages). Consider drawing the symbols of some of them.

The coastline of seas, lakes and other bodies of water is depicted as a thin line (0.1 mm) (Fig. 5). In this case, the coastline is brought close to the conventional signs of coastal facilities, which are a closed contour (signs of the water's edge, marinas) or two parallel lines (signs of bridges, dams).

The lines of streams and rivers of the width indicated above are not brought to the conventional signs of pipes under roads and bridges less than 3 m long by 0.2 mm.

Streams and rivers up to 3 m wide are depicted in one line, the thickness of which should gradually increase from source to mouth (with a significant length of 0.1 to 0.5 mm). To draw these objects, use one of the following methods:

-drawing starts from the mouth of a stream or river (Fig. 6, a);

-drawing with a smooth line throughout, followed by a gradual thickening of the line (Fig. 6, b);

- drawing with a curved leg in parts with lines of different thicknesses, followed by a smooth connection of these parts (Fig. 6, c).

Rice. 5. Drawing symbols for hydrography objects

Rice. 6. Methods for drawing streams and rivers depicted in one line:

a - a solid line from the mouth of the river;

b - with subsequent gradual thickening of the line (on the right);

c - in parts with lines of different thicknesses (left) followed by a smooth connection of these parts (right)

Rivers with a width of 3 to 5 m are depicted as two parallel lines with a gap between them of 0.3 mm. Rivers wider than 5 m are depicted in two lines with the exact transfer of their width, expressed on the scale of the map.

Channels depicted in two lines so as to ensure the transmission of the parallelism of both coastlines of the channel and the straightness of its individual sections.

The steep banks of reservoirs and rivers are shown by elongated teeth, spaced at equal distances from one another perpendicular to the coastline.

Arrows showing the direction of the flow of rivers are drawn, depending on the size of the river, from 5 to 15 mm long (Fig. 7). The arrow is placed, as a rule, near the signature of the name of the river, in the middle of the image of the river or on the side, parallel to the coastline. In the break of the arrow, if the river is depicted in two lines, the signature of the water flow velocity is placed with an accuracy of 0.1 m / s.

The width, depth and nature of the soil of the bottom of the rivers are shown by an explanatory symbol of one of the two types indicated in fig. 7. With a conventional sign, a signature is given in the form of a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the width, and the denominator indicates the depth and nature of the soil of the river bottom (for example, "P" - sandy, "K" - rocky). If the width of the image of the river is small, then this caption is located next to the explanatory symbol, so that the fractional line is parallel to the southern and northern sides of the frame of the map sheet. If the width of the river image is significant, then the caption is placed on the river image, and instead of a fractional line, an arrow is drawn between the coastlines perpendicular to the axis of the river image.

When depicting hydrography on general geographic maps, specific tasks are set for the selection of rivers and other water bodies plotted on maps, as well as for the nature of the generalization of the very image of hydrographic objects, carried out in connection with a change in the scale of mapping.

The process of generalization of hydrography is subject to certain requirements for the transfer of the structure of various river systems, the nature of the sinuosity of rivers, types of sea coasts, the shape of lakes, and the characteristic features of the distribution of hydrographic objects (rivers, lakes, canals, reservoirs, and other water bodies) across the territory. The characteristics of hydrographic features of the area indicated here are mandatory for displaying on educational maps of all types, regardless of their scale, but with varying degrees of generalization (selection of hydrographic objects and generalization of their image).

In connection with the generalization being carried out, only the comparative density of the hydrographic objects of the mapped territory can be transferred during compilation.

sea shores

When mapping sea coasts, the task is to display their types (Fig. 1), which is achieved by depicting the planned position of the coastline and showing the coastal strip of land and sea characteristic of each type of coast (coastal islands, coastal shallows and shoals, dry and steep coasts, beaches, coastal bars, etc.)

The coastline on educational maps is depicted with a significant thickening (compared to reference maps). Therefore, when compiling the coastline on the training map, the conditions of the image in relation to the source material must be determined.

a. Fjord type of coast

b. Skerry type of shore

in. Estuary type of coast

Fig.1 Image of coasts of various types on maps of various scales and for various purposes (on the right - on the training map, on the left - on the reference map)

The thickening of the conventional sign of the coastline is made towards the land, which ensures that the correct ratio of land and sea is maintained. However, in some cases, with a large indentation of the coast, it is advisable to thicken the lines on both sides of the sign axis.

Generalization consists in conveying the nature of the indentation of the coast and consists in exaggerating typical features and excluding small details (Fig. 1-a). When compiling, for example, a fjord type of coast, it is necessary to express its features - the deep incision of fjords into the land and their branching, a significant number of islands in the coastal strip. The width of the fjords on the training map must be at least 1mm. Small fjords exclude, show the features of their branching, sharp turns and closures, due to the mountainous nature of the coast. All islands expressed at the scale of the map and some of the small islands typical of this type of coast should be shown using filled contours (not just dots).

When compiling skerry shores (Fig. 1 -b), the training map should reflect the large indentation of the coastline, the presence of numerous bays and straits; islands are shown, expressed on the scale of the map, which are depicted by filled figures or figured points. Small islands are applied to identify the area of their distribution.

When compiling estuary-type coasts on training maps (Fig. 1-c), the coastline symbol is thickened towards the land, so narrow spits and channels are expressed in one line.

lakes

The generalization of the image of lakes in the preparation of educational physical maps is carried out in the general case by selecting the lakes shown on the maps and generalizing their outlines. As a rule, the selection of lakes is carried out among small lakes.

An important requirement of generalization is to display the shape of the lakes, the nature of their coastline, and the degree of its indentation. For large lakes, the requirements for the generalization of the image of the coastline correspond to the conditions for the generalization of the coastline of the seas. The nature of the coasts is fully revealed with the help of the correct image of the coastal strip of land and water space, connections with the river network.

When depicting small lakes, the outlines of their shape are emphasized by exaggeration and slightly exaggerated (by the thickness of the line) sizes.

Basic requirements for drawing up the coastline of the seas, lakes, reservoirs:

1. A clear separation of land and sea.

2. Correct and visual transfer of the type of sea coasts.

3. Image of the main and significant lakes and reservoirs, display of their geographical location, size, shape.

4. Preservation of the relative degree of detail in accordance with the purpose and scale of the map.

The coastline of lakes and reservoirs is applied taking into account the type of coast and their outlines, its thickness is 0.5 mm. When depicting small lakes, the coastline should be 0.4 mm thick. The thickening of the coastline should be carried out only towards the land. Lakes are plotted from an area of 4-5 mm 2 or more on a map scale. In some cases, for example, when lakes accumulate, it is allowed to apply lakes with 2 mm 2 or even less, including their dotted image. Since it is necessary to transfer the area of the lake district. By quality, lake water is divided into fresh and salty.

Rivers

When depicting rivers on maps of various scales (topographic and small-scale general geographic), general initial requirements are guided, which can be specified for maps of different types and corresponding scales. These requirements are formulated as tasks for displaying the following general characteristic features of the river network: the features of the planned image of rivers, the density of the river network on the territory, the degree of dissection of the area due to the river network.

The maps display types of river systems - radial, lattice, tree-like, parallel, etc. (Fig. 3).

To characterize river systems, it is important to show the planned position and mutual distribution of the rivers included in the system, the density of rivers, characteristic of a given river system, and the nature of their meandering. These characteristics are displayed on maps of different scales, but with varying degrees of detail. Generalization is carried out by carrying out an appropriate selection of rivers, which ensures the display of systems and the correct characterization of the density of the river network, as well as by generalizing the sinuosity of the channels and a clear transmission of the main turns of the rivers. All the ways of generalization indicated here are interconnected and are carried out on the basis of the requirements for the content of maps of different types and the image of the river network.

The selection of rivers is carried out, as a rule, according to the established qualifications. In the process of editorial development of the map, the length of the river (on the scale of the map) is established, which is the limit for mapping.

The conditions for a possible deviation from the main qualification are determined due to the need to express the characteristics of the river network in terms of the density or structure of the system.

The density of the hydrographic network of various regions of the mapped territory is preliminarily determined. Determination of the density of the river network is carried out in the process of editorial and preparatory work by carrying out appropriate cartometric actions.

The density of the river network is characterized by the ratio of the sum of the lengths of all rivers in a given area (in km) to its area (km 2) and is expressed by the formula

where K is the density of the river network, l is the length of the rivers, P is the area of the region.

A certain dependence of the density of rivers on the composition of the rivers (according to their lengths) included in the river network of the region has also been established, which consists in the fact that the average density of the river network is characterized by an approximately equal ratio of long and short rivers in the territory. The density of the river network increases due to the increase in the number of small rivers. The low density of the river network is typical for areas with a predominance of long rivers (Fig. 2).

When depicting rivers on educational maps, the task is to identify basins and display their nature. This problem is solved by rigorous identification of the sources of rivers and the correct selection of tributaries that transmit river systems.

The thickening of the symbol of the river is made in both directions from the axis of the river depicted on the map material. An exception is allowed only if it is necessary to convey the position relative to other elements of the map content (cartographic grid, coastline, etc.).

Fig.2 Example of different river network density

The thickening of rivers should mainly be carried out from the source to the middle of the channel, and further to the mouth, the thickening should be insignificant. Depending on the length, width and significance of the rivers, their thickness varies at the source from 0.4 to 0.55 mm, at the mouth - from 0.7 to 4.0 mm. If the river at the source is 0.5 mm, and at the mouth 1.5 mm, then the thickening goes up to 1.3 mm to the middle of the river, from the middle to the source the width is increased by only 0.2 mm.

Drawing rivers with thick lines requires a certain skill (Fig. 4). It is impossible to unnecessarily straighten and bend the riverbeds. When generalizing the riverbed, it is necessary to ensure that adjacent bends are clearly read without merging with each other. Sharp corners and turns convey carefully and clearly. If there are uncharacteristic small bends on the rivers, generalization should be carried out along the midline.

Rivers are plotted from a length of 5-6 cm or more on a map scale. The subordination of rivers is conveyed by the difference in the thickness of the lines depicting the channel of the rivers, and the direction of the flow is conveyed by a gradual thickening from the source to the mouth.

The main requirements for the image of rivers on the educational wall map:

1. A clear image of river systems, taking into account the density of the river network.

2. Selection of the main rivers, a clear display of their subordination.

3. Mandatory drawing of all rivers mentioned in textbooks

e. a quote from a document or a brief description of an interesting event. The inscription can be placed anywhere in the document. To change the formatting of a caption containing catch quotes, use the Caption Tools tab.]

a - tree-like; b - pinnate; c - stem; g - lattice; e - parallel; e - radial

Fig.3 Types of river systems

Navigable rivers are depicted in two lines with a gap of 0.3-0.4 mm.

Fig.4 Compilation of rivers with a thickened line

On rivers with a length of 20 cm or more, on a map scale, sign the marks of water edges.

All rivers with a length of 10-12 cm or more are signed by their name. Be sure to sign the rivers mentioned in school textbooks.

RELIEF

The image of the relief on educational physical maps should have high clarity, expressiveness, and plasticity. It should provide a correct idea of the main forms of the depicted relief, its absolute and relative heights, the structure and extent of mountain ranges, the size and shape of the areas occupied by plains and lowlands, and also allow students to build hypsometric profiles.

When compiling the relief, reasonable generalization is of great importance, aimed at displaying the characteristic features of the dissection of the terrain, identifying the types of relief, and the nature of the slope profile. The possibility of transferring the nature of the relief depends on identifying the features of its structure and determining the generalization conditions for expressing typical features, as a rule, in a smaller number of forms with a more sparse section of the relief.

To correctly display the nature of the slopes in terms of their shape and steepness, the forms of the slope profile are studied from the cartographic material, which determine the magnitude of the corresponding foundations, with the help of which these forms are expressed.

The relief is depicted by contour lines, layered hypsometric coloring and hillshade. The choice of the scale of heights and depths, the color design of hypsometric coloring and hillshade will be developed with the calculation of the three-dimensional perception of relief forms on the laws of color and shadow plasticity.

For all educational physical maps, uniform principles for choosing scales of heights and depths have been developed, their specific recommendations have been given.

For relatively large-scale educational physical maps, height scales are recommended that provide the proper completeness and detail of the relief image. So, for example, horizontal lines are drawn:

In low-lying and flat areas (up to 200 m above sea level) after 50 and 100 m;

In mountainous areas - after 200, 300, 500 m.

When developing specific height scales for a particular map, characteristic leading horizontals are necessarily identified and included in the height scale, providing the necessary clarity for drawing the most important and typical forms of the depicted relief.

The image of the relief is supplemented by elevation marks and inscriptions of the names of orographic objects.

Elevation marks are selected on the basis of no more than 2 marks per quarter I. dm maps according to the "List of elevation marks on the territory of Russia".

Compilation from a blue photocopy allows the performer to fully focus on the selection and generalization of landforms. Compilation is carried out not on the entire area at once, but on separate working sections, planned depending on the nature of the relief. For example, they separately make up a mountain range from the foot to the ridge, interfluve, etc.

Within the territory to be mapped, it is necessary, first of all, to decide what basic relief forms should be obtained on the map being compiled (mountain ranges, separately located peaks, large valleys, watersheds, etc.). For this purpose, the main structural (orographic) lines of these landforms (ridge crests, valley thalwegs, foothills of mountain ledges, etc.) are outlined on the original original. Separately located mountain peaks mark the highest points. Then, on these breaklines in the accepted section and taking into account the generalization of the figure, the position of the contour lines is outlined.

Further, along the outlined lines and points, only the leading horizontal lines are first built, outlining the mountain peaks, the foot of the ridges, the main watersheds, as well as the horizontal lines that are far apart from each other to the point of their convergence. This creates a system of main contour lines, as if outlining the contours of the main landforms mapped. After that, all other horizontal lines are completely drawn.

When generalizing the relief pattern, first of all, attention is paid to the structure (basic structure) of the relief, its leading forms, the degree of horizontal and vertical dissection.

Particular attention is paid to displaying the nature of the peaks, the steepness and profile of the slopes, the transverse and longitudinal profiles of the valleys. When selecting valleys, first of all, the largest and most significant valleys are drawn, deeply cutting into the slopes of mountain ranges, opposite valleys forming characteristic saddles, valleys of large rivers, etc.

Along the side valleys (tributaries of the rivers), the contour lines that outline the thalwegs of these valleys t should not be drawn higher than along the main river.

When drawing the slopes of mountain ranges and hills, the contour lines are generalized from the bottom to the ridge and peaks.

When selecting valleys in places of excluded generalization valleys, the horizontal is drawn with a slightly noticeable deflection.

All contour lines are given proper consistency. Particular attention is paid to the coordination of the relief pattern with the hydrographic objects plotted on the map.

When drawing a relief, for the purpose of its greatest visibility and expressiveness, a shift of horizontals, a significant generalization, exaggeration and amalgamation of small, but characteristic relief forms, is allowed.

The shift of horizontals when drawing a flat relief is allowed up to half the section, and in mountainous areas - up to the whole section. In this case, the horizontal shift must be justified and expedient in all cases.

A fully worked out generalized drawing of hydrography and relief, after viewing on the monitor screen by the teacher and proofreading, is printed on the printer.

EXAMPLES OF IMAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF RELIEF

HYDROGRAPHY, a department of hydrology dealing with the description and cartographic representation of the waters of the earth's surface, both in terms of their location and in relation to changes in time. The main hydrographic element is . The upper catchment area of a basin (see Drainage area), where individual streams and branches tend to merge into a common collecting channel of a river, is of particular importance for the study of questions of river nutrition. In hydrographic descriptions, first of all, the area of the basin and its individual parts are given, then, if there is a map of the basin in contour lines, the average slope of the basin and the hydrographic curve of the basin (on the abscissa axis - area, and on the ordinate axis - height), indicating which part of the pool falls on one or another zone in height. According to the lines of equal values of temperature (isotherms), precipitation (isochiets) and snow cover (isochions) drawn on the map of the basin, the average values of these elements for the basin are calculated. Lines of equal density of the water network (the length of the water network per unit area) characterize the water content of the basin, as well as the permeability of the soil. Runoff data obtained from hydrometric observations, extended to the entire basin, give the specific discharge of water, or the discharge of water per unit area. The quotient of the specific discharge divided by the average sediment layer of the basin gives the runoff coefficient and makes it possible to draw conclusions about the flow of rivers on the basis of meteorological observations, of which, as a general rule, there are more in number and over longer periods of time than hydrometric ones. The next hydrographic element is the watershed, or the line that separates one basin from another. It is characterized by length, average height and tortuosity, i.e., the ratio of the length of the watershed to the shortest line embracing the same area (to the circumference of a circle).

The valley through which the river flows is characterized by length, average width, average height, slope and sinuosity, that is, the ratio of the length of the valley to the straight line connecting the source and mouth of the river; the river itself is characterized by length, frequency of tributaries, or the average distance between them, slope (average and between individual sections), serpentine, or the ratio of the length of the river to the length of the valley, and the water regime - horizons, the flow of water and solids and hydraulic energy (see. White coal). In addition, hydrographic descriptions provide data on artificial structures (canals, bridges, aqueducts, etc.), hydraulic installations and water use. Hydrographic descriptions are compiled on the basis of hydrometric surveys and topographic surveys and are usually printed in the proceedings of central hydrometric institutions.

Point objects - springs (springs), fountains, waterfalls, wells, geysers:

3.10.1.1.1

The icon with which the object is displayed on the map is determined automatically by the type of object (see 3.10.2. Rules for Attributing Hydrographic Objects).

3.10.1.1.2

Objects are drawn only in public areas.

In closed buildings and premises (shopping centers, airports, train stations) objects are not drawn.

3.10.1.1.3

Rules for drawing individual types of point hydrographic objects:

Key

The badge is placed in the place of the equipped set of water from the spring. If the key is located in a small reservoir, then the reservoir is mapped as a contour hydrographic object of the "Reservoir" category, and the icon is placed in the place where water is collected.

Objects of the "Key" type are drawn only on land, underwater sources (for example, in rivers) are not drawn.

The fountain

The icon for a single fountain is placed directly at its location.

If the fountain is:

a structure of dimensions visible on the image, it is mapped as a contour hydrographic object of the category "Reservoir", and the icon is placed in its geometric center (for example, some fountains-monuments are such);

a complex of fountains located in the same reservoir/basin, it is mapped with one icon in the geometric center of the complex (which may not coincide with the geometric center of the reservoir/basin). An exception is fountains with their own name - they are drawn as separate objects;

a complex of fountains located in neighboring, but different reservoirs / pools, then each reservoir / pool has its own icon (one, as in the previous version);

several fountains (even close ones) that are parts of different complexes (including those located in different parts of natural reservoirs), then they are drawn as different objects.

Waterfall

For a single waterfall, the icon is placed in the geometric center of the object. For a cascading waterfall - in the geometric center of the cascade (where there is a watercourse). For named waterfalls as part of the cascade, separate icons are placed.

Well

The “Well” icon displays all public wells (with open access, located not on private plots).

The icon is placed directly on the site of the well.

If the well is a structure of dimensions visible on the image, then it is mapped as a contour hydrographic object of the “Reservoir” category; the icon is placed in its geometric center.

Geyser

The Geyser icon displays hot springs that periodically throw out fountains of hot water and steam.

The icon is placed directly on the site of the geyser.

Column

The “Column” icon displays public standpipes and pump rooms (with open access, located not in private areas).

The icon is placed directly on the site of the column / pump room.

Note.

Fire hydrants are not drawn on the map.

3.10.1.2. Line features

Linear hydrographic objects include rivers and canals.

Rivers and canals drawn with lines can be duplicated by contour objects, if the detail of the space image allows it.

3.10.1.2.1

Linear hydrographic objects are drawn uniformly, see 2.6.1.1. Simple Line Object: Drawing.

The line is drawn either along the fairway (preferred), or approximately in the middle of the channel.

If there are islands on the named river that divide it into separate channels, then the main (named) line of the river is either along the fairway or in the middle of the largest channel. The remaining channels can be drawn as separate objects of the "small river" type and not included in the main river.

3.10.1.2.3

When a river flows through a lake or reservoir, a watercourse line is also drawn:

3.10.1.2.4

Rivers enclosed in pipes throughout or in significant areas are not drawn:

If the river is only piped under the road, the river does not break at that point.

3.10.1.2.5

When one river flows into another, as well as when a river is divided into several branches, the watercourse lines must be connected to each other and form a single network.

3.10.1.3. contour objects

Contour objects - reservoirs (areas of open water surface: seas, bays, harbors, straits, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, river waters), glaciers, swamps, open pools.

Rules for attributing contour objects in clause 3.10.2.1.1. Type of .

3.10.1.3.1

They are drawn as complex contour objects, see section 2.7.4. Complex contour objects.

3.10.1.3.2

Drawn in such a way that 2.7.1 is fulfilled. The general rule for drawing contour objects.

3.10.1.3.3

The boundaries of straits and bays (harbours) are determined by their coastline and a conditional straight line connecting the extreme points of the extremities of the coasts of the entrances to the strait (bay):

3.10.1.3.4

Objects of this type are drawn on the map only if the image allows you to draw their outline. If the resolution of the image does not allow marking the contour of the reservoir, then it should not be drawn.

3.10.1.3.5

Rivers and canals drawn with lines (with the exception of dry rivers and streams), may be duplicated contour objects, if the detail of the space image allows it.

When duplicating a river bed or channel with a contour object (it is attributed as a body of water), one should strive to ensure that such a contour is a single object for the entire flow of the river from source to mouth:

If it is impossible to draw it entirely (for example, due to its large length), the contour of the river can be set as a combination of several contours. These circuits should then be merged into a single circuit.

3.10.1.3.6

Parts of the reservoir located under the bridges are included in the contour.

3.10.1.3.7

When drawing internal contours, follow 2.7.2. Rules for the use of internal contours.

3.10.1.3.8

When drawing contour hydrographic objects bordering with vegetation objects, the following rules should be followed:

3.10.1.3.8.1

If the outline of an object is completely included in the outline of an object of another category (for example, a lake or a pond in a forest), then one outline of the “internal” object (lake or pond) is drawn. The inner outline of the enclosing object (for example, a forested area in which a lake is located) is not drawn. Similarly, the contours of rivers crossing forests or other objects are drawn:

3.10.1.3.8.2

If the contour of an object partially coincides with the contour of an object of another category (for example, a forest area comes close to a river in some part of its flow), then the boundaries of both objects are drawn, and it is required that their boundaries coincide without forming gaps. At the same time, small overlapping contours are allowed.